Pronoun Paradigm: Malayalam
Paradigm Details:
Family:
System Type: F
Source: Asher and Kumari (1997).
Comment: The forms listed below are given in a phonemic transcription consistent with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), with one partial exception. Specifically, note that while /r/ represents an alveolar tap/trill, as in the IPA, /ɾ/ here represents what is described as a 'voiced apico-dentialveolar tap with a distinct palatal resonance' (Asher and Kumari 1997:418). Also note, the languages possesses 3S and 3PL neuter pronouns in all case forms (Asher and Kumari 1997:258-64) which are not listed below. In addition, while there is a gender distinction between 3S masculine (Gender 1 below) and 3S feminine (Gender 2) pronouns this distinction does not exist for 3PL forms with the sole gender distinction being that between shared masculine/feminine forms and neuter forms (Asher and Kumari 1997:258-64).
Pronoun Paradigm:
| A | S | O | Poss. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (excl) Person Singular | ɲaan̪ | ɲaan̪ | enne | en̪re |
| 1st (excl) Person Dual | ɲaŋŋaɭ | ɲaŋŋaɭ | ɲaŋŋaɭe | ɲaŋŋaɭuʈe |
| 1st (excl) Person Plural | ɲaŋŋaɭ | ɲaŋŋaɭ | ɲaŋŋaɭe | ɲaŋŋaɭuʈe |
| 1st (incl) Person Dual | n̪ammaɭ - | n̪ammaɭ - | n̪ammaɭe - | n̪ammuʈe - |
| 1st (incl) Person Plural | n̪ammaɭ - | n̪ammaɭ - | n̪ammaɭe - | n̪ammuʈe - |
| 2nd Person Singular | n̪ii | n̪ii | n̪inne | n̪in̪re |
| 2nd Person Dual | n̪iŋŋaɭ | n̪iŋŋaɭ | n̪iŋŋaɭe | n̪iŋŋaɭuʈe |
| 2nd Person Plural | n̪iŋŋaɭ | n̪iŋŋaɭ | n̪iŋŋaɭe | n̪iŋŋaɭuʈe |
| 3rd Person Singular Gender 1 | aʋan̪ - | aʋan̪ - | aʋan̪e | aʋaɭuʈe |
| 3rd Person Singular Gender 2 | aʋaɭ - | aʋaɭ - | aʋaɭe | at̪in̪re |
| 3rd Person Dual | aʋaɾ - | aʋaɾ - | aʋaɾe | aʋaɾuʈe |
| 3rd Person Plural | aʋaɾ - | aʋaɾ - | aʋaɾe | aʋaɾuʈe |