Pronoun Paradigm: Teiwa: clean
Paradigm Details:
Label: clean
Family:
System Type: None
Source: Klamer (2010).
Comment: Owen's cleaned up version. Removed long A and S forms (focus) retained short forms (topic). Only retained syllabic forms (used before C initial roots). The paradigm below follows the following statement: "The object prefixes have animate referents (humans or animals), the object pronouns may be used to refer to both animate and inanimate objects" (Klamer 2010: 78). This does not entirely match, however, with Klamer's statement elsewhere: "For third person referents, a free pronoun is used if it is inanimate. If it is animate, it is expressed with a verbal prefix, and an optional additional NP." (ibid.: 166-167). The third person plural "[i]'in and gi'in refer to a group of people outside the phyiscal and/or narrative context, translated as `elsewhere' here. In practice, the use of these pronouns typically implies that the speaker cannot see the referents because they are at a different location, or existed at a different time." (ibid.: 79). "Teiwa has a set of dual pronouns that can be used to encode subjects and to conjoin nominals." (ibid.: 82). It seems, however, that the `plural' forms are generally used to refer to two participants, hence their presence in the `dual' boxes as well. "Teiwa has two pronouns that refer to third person referents that are inanimate: the pronouns i `it.place' refers to a location, and the pronoun in `it, thing' refers to an entity." (ibid.: 85).
Pronoun Paradigm:
| A | S | O | Poss. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (excl) Person Singular | na | na | naʔan | na- |
| 1st (excl) Person Dual | niraxau | niraxau | niʔin | ni- |
| 1st (excl) Person Plural | ni | ni | niʔin | ni- |
| 1st (incl) Person Dual | piraxau | piraxau | piʔin | pi- |
| 1st (incl) Person Plural | pi | pi | piʔin | pi- |
| 2nd Person Singular | ha | ha | haʔan | ha- |
| 2nd Person Dual | yiraxau | yiraxau | yiʔin | yi- |
| 2nd Person Plural | yi | yi | yiʔin | yi- |
| 3rd Person Singular Gender 1 | a | a | gaʔan | a- |
| 3rd Person Singular Gender 2 | a | a | gaʔan | a- |
| 3rd Person Dual | iraxau | iraxau | iman | a- , ga- |
| 3rd Person Plural | a , i | a , i | iman | a- , ga- |