Pronoun Paradigm: Teiwa
Paradigm Details:
Family:
System Type: None
Source: Klamer (2010).
Comment: The paradigm below follows the following statement: "The object prefixes have animate referents (humans or animals), the object pronouns may be used to refer to both animate and inanimate objects" (Klamer 2010: 78). This does not entirely match, however, with Klamer's statement elsewhere: "For third person referents, a free pronoun is used if it is inanimate. If it is animate, it is expressed with a verbal prefix, and an optional additional NP." (ibid.: 166-167). The third person plural "[i]'in and gi'in refer to a group of people outside the phyiscal and/or narrative context, translated as `elsewhere' here. In practice, the use of these pronouns typically implies that the speaker cannot see the referents because they are at a different location, or existed at a different time." (ibid.: 79). "Teiwa has a set of dual pronouns that can be used to encode subjects and to conjoin nominals." (ibid.: 82). It seems, however, that the `plural' forms are generally used to refer to two participants, hence their presence in the `dual' boxes as well. "Teiwa has two pronouns that refer to third person referents that are inanimate: the pronouns i `it.place' refers to a location, and the pronoun in `it, thing' refers to an entity." (ibid.: 85).
Pronoun Paradigm:
| A | S | O | Poss. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (excl) Person Singular | na , na'an | na , na'an | n(a)- , na'an | na , n(a)- , na'an |
| 1st (excl) Person Dual | ni , ni'in , niraxau | ni , ni'in , niraxau | n(i)- , ni'in | ni , n(i)- , ni'in |
| 1st (excl) Person Plural | ni , ni'in | ni , ni'in | n(i)- , ni'in | ni , n(i)- , ni'in |
| 1st (incl) Person Dual | pi , pi'in , piraxau | pi , pi'in , piraxau | p(i)- , pi'in | pi , p(i)- , pi'in |
| 1st (incl) Person Plural | pi , pi'in | pi , pi'in | p(i)- , pi'in | pi , p(i)- , pi'in |
| 2nd Person Singular | ha , ha'an | ha , ha'an | h(a)- , ha'an | ha , h(a)- , ha'an |
| 2nd Person Dual | yi , yi'in , yiraxau | yi , yi'in , yiraxau | y(i)- , yi'in | yi , y(i)- , yi'in |
| 2nd Person Plural | yi , yi'in | yi , yi'in | y(i)- , yi'in | yi , y(i)- , yi'in |
| 3rd Person Singular Gender 1 | a , a'an | a , a'an | g(a)- , ga'an , g(ə)- | a , a- , a'an , g(a)- |
| 3rd Person Singular Gender 2 | a , a'an , i , in | a , a'an , i , in | ga'an , i , in | a , a- , a'an , g(a)- |
| 3rd Person Dual | a , i , i'in , iman , in , iraxau | a , i , i'in , iman , in , iraxau | ga- , g(i)- , gi'in , iman , in | a- , ga- , g(i)- , iman |
| 3rd Person Plural | a , i , i'in , iman , in | a , i , i'in , iman , in | ga- , g(i)- , gi'in , iman , in | a- , ga- , g(i)- , iman |